The Function of Religion in Human Life: A Philosophical Analysis of Iqbal’s Perspective

Abstract
The question of how religion relates to the secular domain and the extent to which it shapes human life has long been a central concern in philosophical and theological inquiry. Within this context, the functional role of religion has become a key focus for scholars of the philosophy of religion and modern theology. Employing a descriptive–analytical methodology, this study examines Muhammad Iqbal’s account of the functions of religion and their relevance to contemporary human life. As a modernist thinker committed to the reconstruction of religious thought, Iqbal advocates an approach grounded in rationality and scientific understanding. He conceives religion as a divinely revealed system of guidance aimed at directing human development. Iqbal’s writings suggest that religion fulfills indispensable individual and social functions, including moral formation, epistemic orientation, rational and spiritual growth, the provision of existential meaning, the resolution of the problem of immortality, and the promotion of justice, solidarity, and socio‑political cohesion. He regards tradition and modernity not as opposing forces but as mutually reinforcing, warning against the loss incurred by neglecting either. Central to his framework are the concepts of *ijtihad* and religious experience, which he views as essential for the dynamic vitality of religious life. The findings indicate that Iqbal understands religion as an innate human disposition that possesses transformative potential across ethical, cultural, personal, and social dimensions. Moreover, he maintains that religion remains effective only when it is capable of engaging with scientific advancements and addressing the evolving needs of modern human beings.